Macular degeneration: what it is and how to detect it early

Published on 29 May 2025

Macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of vision loss in people over 50. It is a progressive disease affecting the macula, the central area of the retina responsible for detailed vision. As it advances, it can make everyday activities such as reading, recognising faces or driving more difficult.

Early detection is key to slowing its progression and preserving vision. In this article, we explain what macular degeneration is, its symptoms and how to diagnose it before it severely affects quality of life.

What is macular degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease causing progressive deterioration of the macula. There are two main types:

1. Dry (atrophic) macular degeneration

The most common form, accounting for approximately 80–90% of cases. It is characterised by the accumulation of yellowish deposits called drusen, which slowly damage macular cells. It develops progressively and usually affects both eyes.

2. Wet (exudative) macular degeneration

Less common but more aggressive. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels appear beneath the retina and can leak fluid and blood, rapidly damaging central vision. If not treated in time, it can cause severe vision loss within weeks or months.

Symptoms of macular degeneration

Early detection is fundamental, as the disease may have no symptoms in its initial stages. The most common symptoms include:

• Blurred vision or difficulty focusing on objects.
• Loss of sharpness in central vision.
• The appearance of dark areas or spots in the centre of the visual field.
• Difficulty reading, writing or recognising faces.

If you experience any of these symptoms, an ophthalmic check-up as soon as possible is essential.

Risk factors for macular degeneration

Although age is the main risk factor, other factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease:

• Being over 50 years of age.
• A family history of macular degeneration.
• Smoking, which doubles the risk of developing the disease.
• High blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases.
• A diet low in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids.
• Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light without protection.

How to detect macular degeneration early

Early detection is key to preventing disease progression. The most effective examinations include:

1. Examination of the back of the eye

Allows the retina to be viewed and drusen or changes in the macula to be detected.

2. Amsler grid test

Uses a grid of straight lines. If the patient notices that the lines appear distorted or blurred, this may indicate macular degeneration.

3. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

An advanced test producing high-resolution images of the retina, allowing structural changes in the macula to be detected.

Treatment and prevention options

Although there is no cure for macular degeneration, treatments can slow its progression and improve the patient's quality of life.

1. Vitamin supplements

Studies have shown that certain antioxidants (vitamins C and E, zinc, lutein and omega-3 fatty acids) can delay the progression of dry macular degeneration.

2. Intravitreal injections

In wet macular degeneration, anti-angiogenic medicines help slow abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce inflammation.

4. Lifestyle changes

• Stop smoking.
• Maintain a diet rich in fruit, vegetables and oily fish.
• Wear sunglasses with UV protection.
• Have regular ophthalmic check-ups, particularly from the age of 50.

Conclusion

The macular degeneration is a progressive disease that can seriously affect quality of life if not detected in time. Regular ophthalmic check-ups and healthy lifestyle habits can delay its progression and protect vision.

Contact us at Clínica Castellote for an accurate diagnosis and the best treatment. Please follow us on Facebook and Instagram to learn much more about your vision. You can also read our latest articles on the blog, where we discuss different eye conditions, symptoms and treatments.